References
-
All academic articles referenced in this controversy atlas:
​
​
-
Automatic nipple drinkers. (n.d.). SKA. Retrieved https://skapoultryequipment.com/en/poultry_equipment/automatic-nipple-drinkers/
​
-
Aviary System For Laying Cage in Poultry Farming | Cage Free. (n.d.). Famtech International Co. LTD. Retrieved February 23, 2026, from https://chickencagesystem.com/products/aviary-system/
​
-
Battery Cage for Laying Hens—Efficient Poultry Solutions. (n.d.). Retrieved February 19, 2026, from https://www.alibaba.com/showroom/battery-cage-for-laying-hens.html
​
-
Conventional Housing. (n.d.). Burnbrae Farms. Retrieved February 19, 2026, from http://www.burnbraefarms.com/en/our-values/animal-welfare/conventional
​
-
Conventional Housing—Egg Farmers of Alberta. (2021, February 22). Egg Farmers of Alberta. https://eggs.ab.ca/healthy-birds/hen-housing/conventional-housing/
-
Egg Farmers of Canada. (2016, August 16). The 5 things you find in enriched colony housing | Egg Farmers of Canada. https://www.eggfarmers.ca/2016/08/the-5-things-you-find-in-enriched-housing/
​
-
Enriched Housing—Egg Farmers of Alberta. (2021, March 9). Egg Farmers of Alberta. https://eggs.ab.ca/healthy-birds/hen-housing/enriched-housing/
​
-
Free-Range Housing. (2021, March 9). Egg Farmers of Alberta. https://eggs.ab.ca/healthy-birds/hen-housing/free-range-housing/
​
-
Hein, T. (2018, October 5). Alternative Housing: Lessons From Experienced Producers. https://www.canadianpoultrymag.com/success-with-alternative-housing-30777/
​
-
Hein, T. (2021, October 28). Enriched Layer Housing: Step By Step—Canadian Poultry Magazine. Canadian Poultry. https://www.canadianpoultrymag.com/step-by-step/
​
-
Hein, T. (2023, May 11). Layer Housing Transition: A Pledge Kept? Canadian Poultry Magazine. https://www.canadianpoultrymag.com/layer-housing-transition-a-pledge-kept/
​
-
Jansen Poultry Equipment. (2017, January 9). The best non-cage alternative: The aviary. Poultry World. https://www.poultryworld.net/poultry/the-best-non-cage-alternative-the-aviary/
​
-
Litter Conditioning for a Healthy Flock. (2008, January). The Poultry Site. https://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/litter-conditioning-for-a-healthy-flock
​
-
NFACC. (2017). Appendix B -Transitional and Final Housing Requirements for Non-Cage Housing. Poultry - Layers Code of Practice. https://www.nfacc.ca/poultry-layers-code-of-practice#appendixB
​
-
Schaer, L. (2023, March 21). Poultry Housing In Canada – Where And How Do Chickens Live? Canadian Food Focus. https://canadianfoodfocus.org/farming/poultry-housing-in-canada-where-and-how-do-chickens-live/
​
-
Understanding egg labels. (2025, March 12). BC SPCA. https://spca.bc.ca/news/understanding-egg-labels/
​
-
Van Staaveren, N., Decina, C., Baes, C. F., Widowski, T. M., Berke, O., & Harlander-Matauschek, A. (2018). A Description of Laying Hen Husbandry and Management Practices in Canada. Animals, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8070114
​
-
Windhorst, H.-W. (2017, July 4). Housing systems in laying hen husbandry- First part. https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry/
-
Bejaei, M., Wiseman, K., & Cheng, K. M. (2015). Developing logistic regression models using purchase attributes and demographics to predict the probability of purchases of regular and specialty eggs. British Poultry Science, 56(4), 425–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2015.1058917
​
-
Cage-free eggs have drawbacks says farm animal welfare expert | CBC News. (2016, February 11). CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/cage-free-eggs-1.3443098
​
-
Hein, T. (2023, May 11). Layer Housing Transition: A Pledge Kept? Canadian Poultry Magazine. https://www.canadianpoultrymag.com/layer-housing-transition-a-pledge-kept/
​
-
Nolan, H. R. J., Hemsworth, L. M., Power-Geary, J. A., & Taylor, P. S. (2022). A Cage Is a Cage, Unless You Educate. Rhetoric Negatively Impacts Support for a Novel Housing System for Laying Hens Unless the Public Are Educated. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.797911
​
-
Rohlf, V. I., Howell, T. J., Coleman, G., & Rault, J.-L. (2019). Engagement through online discussion: Perceptions of laying hen welfare in furnished cages. Animal, 13(9), 1999–2006. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118003427
​
-
Sir James Dunn Animal Welfare Centre – Atlantic Veterinary College | UPEI. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2026, from https://awc.upei.ca/
​
-
Weary, D. M., Ventura, B. A., & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2016). Societal views and animal welfare science: Understanding why the modified cage may fail and other stories. Animal, 10(2), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115001160
-
Doyon, M., Bergeron, S., Cranfield, J., Tamini, L., & Criner, G. (2016). Consumer Preferences for Improved Hen Housing: Is a Cage a Cage? Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue Canadienne d’agroeconomie, 64(4), 739–751. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12113 ​
​
-
Egg Labels 101. (n.d.). BC Egg. Retrieved March 16, 2026, from https://bcegg.com/eggs-101/egg-labels-101
​
-
Heuristics and Decision Rules in Consumer Choice |... (2025, August). Fiveable. https://fiveable.me/consumer-behavior/unit-13/heuristics-decision-rules-consumer-choice/study-guide/xC5sozZMTenx3XvC
​​
-
Korstrom, G. (2024, June 5). Why shifting to sell eggs from uncaged hens is hard in Canada. Business in Vancouver. https://www.biv.com/news/retail-manufacturing/why-shifting-to-sell-eggs-from-uncaged-hens-is-hard-in-canada-8993409
​
-
Nolan, H. R. J., Hemsworth, L. M., Power-Geary, J. A., & Taylor, P. S. (2022). A Cage Is a Cage, Unless You Educate. Rhetoric Negatively Impacts Support for a Novel Housing System for Laying Hens Unless the Public Are Educated. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.797911
​​
-
Ochs, D. S., Wolf, C. A., Widmar, N. J. O., & Bir, C. (2018). Consumer perceptions of egg-laying hen housing systems. Poultry Science, 97(10), 3390–3396. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey205
​​
-
Ochs, D., Wolf, C. A., Widmar, N. O., Bir, C., & Lai, J. (2019). Hen housing system information effects on U.S. egg demand. Food Policy, 87, 101743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.101743
​​
-
Pelletier, N., Doyon, M., Muirhead, B., Widowski, T., Nurse-Gupta, J., & Hunniford, M. (2018). Sustainability in the Canadian Egg Industry—Learning from the Past, Navigating the Present, Planning for the Future. Sustainability, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103524
​​
-
Rahmani, D., Kallas, Z., Pappa, M., & Gil, J. M. (2019). Are Consumers’ Egg Preferences Influenced by Animal-Welfare Conditions and Environmental Impacts? Sustainability, 11(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226218
​
-
Rohlf, V. I., Howell, T. J., Coleman, G., & Rault, J.-L. (2019). Engagement through online discussion: Perceptions of laying hen welfare in furnished cages. Animal, 13(9), 1999–2006. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118003427
​
-
Rondoni, A., Asioli, D., & Millan, E. (2020). Consumer behaviour, perceptions, and preferences towards eggs: A review of the literature and discussion of industry implications. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 106, 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.038
​​
-
Scrinis, G., Parker, C., & Carey, R. (2017). The Caged Chicken or the Free-Range Egg? The Regulatory and Market Dynamics of Layer-Hen Welfare in the UK, Australia and the USA. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 30(6), 783–808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-017-9699-y
​
-
​Sonntag, W. I., Spiller, A., & von Meyer-Höfer, M. (2019). Discussing modern poultry farming systems—Insights into citizen’s lay theories. Poultry Science, 98(1), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey292
​​
-
Understanding egg labels. (2026, March 5). BC SPCA. https://spca.bc.ca/news/understanding-egg-labels/
​​
-
Weary, D. M., Ventura, B. A., & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2016). Societal views and animal welfare science: Understanding why the modified cage may fail and other stories. Animal, 10(2), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115001160 ​​​